Abstract & Overview
Because of its extensive potential impact on human health, the determination of oxidative stress has been the main goal of study in several studies over the last few decades. The current work is a bibliographic review of the main methods of assessing oxidative stress in humans, taking into account the adverse effects it can do to individual quality of life and public health. To situate the theme, initially was described the concept of oxidative stress and the main diseases associated with it. Afterwards was presented the principal species of free radicals responsible for the oxidation, the antioxidant agents, enzymatic and non-enzymatic, and the main bio marker of evaluation of oxidative stress. Regarding the analytical methods, it was proceeded by its grouping according with the analyte in cause. In this regard of the reactive species of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS), are presented the principal fluorescent and chemiluminescent probes, more concretely lucigenin, dihydroethidium DHE, and MitoSox, all characterized of the measurement of the superoxide, just like the relative to the determination of hydrogen peroxide as 2', 7'- dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), boronate and Amplex Red. About the RNS, are shown the 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF2-DA) and the dihydroethidium fluorescent probes as a method of determination of the level of NO and peroxynitrite, respectively. For biomarkers, the current work, presents the analysis methods dedicated to the detection of F2-isoprostanes, lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (MDA) associated with lipid peroxidation. Chromatographic methods, hyphenated with chemiluminescence spectroscopy, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and electrochemical detection (ECD) is the most frequently used along with the enzymatic immunoassays (ELISA). With regard to antioxidants, diversity methodologies is most evident, although the methods overridden by liquid chromatography.