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Periodicals

Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels

Solid organs transport fluids through distinct vascular networks that are biophysically and biochemically entangled, creating complex three-dimensional (3D) transport regimes that have remained difficult to produce and study. We establish intravascular and multivascular design freedoms with photopolymerizable hydrogels by using food dye additives as biocompatible yet potent photoabsorbers for projection stereolithography. We demonstrate monolithic transparent hydrogels, produced in minutes, comprising efficient intravascular 3D fluid mixers and functional bicuspid valves. We further elaborate entangled vascular networks from space-filling mathematical topologies and explore the oxygenation and flow of human red blood cells during tidal ventilation and distension of a proximate airway. In addition, we deploy structured biodegradable hydrogel carriers in a rodent model of chronic liver injury to highlight the potential translational utility of this materials innovation.

Architecture & Planning• 2019• American Association for the Advancement of Science
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Periodicals

The Role of Soil Microorganisms in Plant Mineral Nutrition—Current Knowledge and Future Directions

In their natural environment, plants are part of a rich ecosystem including numerous and diverse microorganisms in the soil. It has been long recognized that some of these microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria, play important roles in plant performance by improving mineral nutrition. However, the full range of microbes associated with plants and their potential to replace synthetic agricultural inputs has only recently started to be uncovered. In the last few years, a great progress has been made in the knowledge on composition of rhizospheric microbiomes and their dynamics. There is clear evidence that plants shape microbiome structures, most probably by root exudates, and also that bacteria have developed various adaptations to thrive in the rhizospheric niche. The mechanisms of these interactions and the processes driving the alterations in microbiomes are, however, largely unknown. In this review, we focus on the interaction of plants and root associated bacteria enhancing plant mineral nutrition, summarizing the current knowledge in several research fields that can converge to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon.

Architecture & Planning• 2017• Frontiers Media
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A Survey on Digital Twin: Definitions, Characteristics, Applications, and Design Implications

When, in 1956, Artificial Intelligence (AI) was officially declared a research field, no one would have ever predicted the huge influence and impact its description, prediction, and prescription capabilities were going to have on our daily lives. In parallel to continuous advances in AI, the past decade has seen the spread of broadband and ubiquitous connectivity, (embedded) sensors collecting descriptive high dimensional data, and improvements in big data processing techniques and cloud computing. The joint usage of such technologies has led to the creation of digital twins, artificial intelligent virtual replicas of physical systems. Digital Twin (DT) technology is nowadays being developed and commercialized to optimize several manufacturing and aviation processes, while in the healthcare and medicine fields this technology is still at its early development stage. This paper presents the results of a study focused on the analysis of the state-of-the-art definitions of DT, the investigation of the main characteristics that a DT should possess, and the exploration of the domains in which DT applications are currently being developed. The design implications derived from the study are then presented: they focus on socio-technical design aspects and DT lifecycle. Open issues and challenges that require to be addressed in the future are finally discussed.

Architecture & Planning• 2019• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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Periodicals

Design Thinking for Social Innovation

No AccessEducationJul 2010Design Thinking for Social InnovationAuthors/Editors: Tim Brown, Jocelyn WyattTim BrownSearch for more papers by this author, Jocelyn WyattSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29SectionsAboutView ChaptersPDF (0.2 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Designers have traditionally focused on enchancing the look and functionality of products. Previous articleNext article FiguresreferencesRecommendeddetailsCited byFive components of social design: A unified framework to support research and practiceThe Design Journal, Vol.26, No.227 June 2022Youth Perspectives on Barriers and Opportunities for the Development of a Peer Support Model to Promote Mental Health and Prevent SuicideWestern Journal of Nursing Research, Vol.45, No.32 August 2022Designing for Trust in Blockchain PlatformsIEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.70, No.3Industrial verification of egg handling for meal preparation: a case study of professional engagement with application of remote design thinking during the COVID ‐19 pandemicInternational Journal of Food Science & Technology, Vol.58, No.318 January 2023Making design thinking for education sustainable: Training preservice teachers to address practice challengesThinking Skills and Creativity, Vol.47Interactive technologies through the lens of team effectiveness: an interdisciplinary systematic literature reviewEuropean Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol.1023 February 2023Developing a design thinking engagement scale for early childhood teachersInternational Journal of Technology and Design Education, Vol.1039 February 2023#OPENFORBUSINESS: STUDENT PROMOTION OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESSES ON SOCIAL MEDIAMarketing Education Review, Vol.189 February 2023Does maturity level influence the use of Agile UX methods by digital startups? Evaluating design thinking, lean startup, and lean user experienceInformation and Software Technology, Vol.154Design thinking competence as self-perceived by nursing students in Taiwan: A cross-sectional studyNurse Education Today, Vol.121Improving Health and Diabetes Self-Management in Immigrants with Type 2 Diabetes Through a Co-Created Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support InterventionJournal of Community Health, Vol.48, No.13 November 2022Pre-Service Teachers’ Instructional Design Decision-Making for Technology IntegrationTechTrends, Vol.6726 January 2023Otizmli Çocuklar İçin Giysi Modifikasyon Uygulamaları KılavuzuODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (ODÜSOBİAD)25 January 2023A quick review of ethics, design thinking, gender, and AI developmentInternational Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, Vol.11, No.12 November 2022Data flow in living contexts: A systemic analysis for an unsustainable modelThe Design Journal, Vol.26, No.14 November 2022Experimenting with the Design Thinking Methodology in Citizen Participation Contexts25 September 2022Think-Sketch-Create: Improving Creative Expression Through Sketching25 September 2022Performance Enhancement of Photo Voltaic System for Rural Electrification in Higher Altitude Region: A Case Study in Uttarakhand, India6 November 2022Role of Co-design in Developing an Enhanced Moringa-Based Intervention for Rural Livelihood Opportunities8 November 2022Empathize with Whom? Adopting a Design Thinking Mind-Set to Stimulate Sustainability Initiatives in Chinese SMEsSustainability, Vol.15, No.123 December 2022Low-Fidelity Prototyping with Design Thinking in Higher Education Management in Japan: Impact on the Utility and Usability of a Student Exchange Program BrochureEducation Sciences, Vol.13, No.13 January 2023Systems Thinking: Practical Insights on Systems-Led Design in Socio-Technical Engineering Systems6 January 2023Applying the design thinking model to hands-on mechatronics STEM activities for senior high school students to improve the learning performance and learning behaviorInternational Journal of Technology and Design Education, Vol.126 December 2022Towards a Modern Learning Organization: Human-Centered Digitalization of Lessons Learned Management for Complex Systems Development ProjectsTechnologies, Vol.10, No.616 November 2022Applying design thinking for business model innovationJournal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Vol.11, No.124 November 2022Reimagining Children’s Rights in the USJAMA Pediatrics, Vol.176, No.12Responsible design thinking: Informing future models of cross-disciplinary design educationJournal of Design, Business & Society, Vol.8, No.2How a point-of-care dashboard facilitates co-production of health care and health for and with individuals with psychotic disorders: a mixed-methods case studyBMC Health Services Research, Vol.22, No.130 December 2022Generating shared value: intersection between organisations that invest in social innovationSocial Responsibility Journal, Vol.18, No.81 April 2022Centering frontline HCWs in digital innovation design: a qualitative usability study to inform optimization of an app for improved male circumcision follow-up in South Africa (Preprint)JMIR Formative Research8 November 2022Innovation is the Answer! But is Development the Question? Assessing Innovation Against the Capabilities Approach to DevelopmentThe Journal of Development Studies, Vol.58, No.1126 May 2022Entrepreneurship, inclusion or co-production? An attempt to assess territorial elements in social innovation literatureCities, Vol.130Designing ICTs for development. A Delphi study on problem framing, approach, and team compositionInformation Technology for Development, Vol.614 October 2022Interconnected Areas of ResearchHuman-centered integrated care pathways for co-creating a digital, user-centric health information solutionJournal of Integrated Care, Vol.30, No.46 September 2022The role of empathic experiences of entrepreneurial engineers within accelerators: a phenomenological studyTapping into community expertise: stakeholder engagement in the design processPolicy Design and Practice, Vol.5, No.422 December 2022Improving engagement of underrepresented people in health research through equity-centered design thinking: qualitative study and process evaluation for development of the GRID toolkit (Preprint)JMIR Formative Research30 September 2022Empowering Students’ Awareness for a Personalized Career Development. An Approach to Discover, Experiment, and Learn29 September 2022Stakeholder engagement, flexible proactiveness and democratic durability as CSR strategic postures to overcome periods of crisisManagement Decision, Vol.60, No.1018 February 2022Designing interventions for sustainable change in a real-world laboratoryEnvironment, Development and Sustainability, Vol.2113 September 2022Pedagogy innovation for management graduates: application of design thinkingInternational Journal of Innovation Science, Vol.14, No.3/426 February 2021Improving Design Project Management in Remote LearningSustainability, Vol.14, No.173 September 2022One World, Two Ideas and Three Adaptations: Innovation Intermediaries Enabling Sustainable Open Innovation in University–Industry Collaboration in Finland, Mexico and NicaraguaSustainability, Vol.14, No.188 September 2022Língua minoritária na formação de professores de nível médioRevista Acadêmica Licencia&acturas, Vol.10, No.124 August 2022Deepening students' experiences with problem identification and definition in an empathetic approach: lessons from a university design-thinking programJournal of Applied Research in Higher Education, Vol.1415 August 2022Supporting and Enabling the Process of Innovation in Public Health: The Framework for Public Health InnovationInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.19, No.1616 August 2022Supporting direct support professionals in enabling people with intellectual disabilities to engage in meaningful activities: protocol for the Meaningful Activities 4 All (MA4A) study based on the human-centred design processBMJ Open, Vol.12, No.817 August 2022The Effects of Forced Customer-Oriented Ideation on Technical ExpertsUrban Planning for Health Equity Must Employ an Intersectionality FrameworkJournal of the American Planning Association, Vol.11112 July 2022“One, none, and a hundred thousand” recipes for a robust response to turbulencePublic Administration, Vol.797 July 2022Supporting the emergence of Indian design through design and innovation centres – A methodological approachThe Design Journal, Vol.25, No.414 July 2022Design for Social Innovation: A Systemic Design Approach in Creative Higher Education toward SustainabilitySustainability, Vol.14, No.131 July 2022A mixed methods approach to understand greenspace redevelopment in relation to objectively- and subjectively-measured sleep health among Black adults in Southwest AtlantaHealth & Place, Vol.76The “ABC SAVES LIVES”: A Schoolteacher-Led Basic Life Support Program in Navarra, SpainSAGE Open, Vol.12, No.322 September 2022Design Thinking para el emprendimiento socialRevista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Vol.30, No.130 June 2022Financial inclusion using corporate social responsibility: a socio-economic demand–supply analysisAsian Journal of Economics and Banking, Vol.2721 June 2022Contribuições do Design Thinking para o desenvolvimento de projetos de Ciência CidadãDAT Journal, Vol.7, No.214 June 2022Pasts and Futures of Design Thinking: Implications for Technical CommunicationIEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol.65, No.2Promoting Social Interaction through Participatory Architecture. Experimentation, Experience, Evaluation in a Social Housing Complex (Grand’Goule, Poitiers, 1974–2021)Architecture, Vol.2, No.25 May 2022How teams learn to regulate collaborative processes with technological supportEducational technology research and development, Vol.70, No.330 March 2022Why we need bricoleurs to foster robust governance solutions in turbulent timesPublic Administration, Vol.9918 May 2022Form follows users: a framework for system-based designArchitectural Engineering and Design Management, Vol.18, No.330 October 2020Design for construction waste minimization: guidelines and practiceArchitectural Engineering and Design Management, Vol.18, No.322 December 2020Joining Sustainable Design and Internet of Things Technologies on Campus: The IPVC Smartbottle Practical CaseSustainability, Vol.14, No.1013 May 2022Integration of stakeholder engagement from development to dissemination in genomic medicine research: Approaches and outcomes from the CSER ConsortiumGenetics in Medicine, Vol.24, No.5How has design thinking being used and integrated into software development activities? A systematic mappingJournal of Systems and Software, Vol.187Designing a Regional Teacher Professional Development EnterpriseFrontiers in Education, Vol.729 April 2022Human-Centered Design for Public Health Innovation: Codesigning a Multicomponent Intervention to Support Youth Across the HIV Care Continuum in MozambiqueGlobal Health: Science and Practice, Vol.10, No.225 April 2022Covid-19 Disaster relief projects management: an exploratory study of critical success factorsOperations Management Research, Vol.2526 April 2022Designing energy solutions: a comparison of two participatory design approaches for service innovationJournal of Service Theory and Practice, Vol.32, No.317 March 2022Blockchain and deep learning technologies for construction equipment security information managementAutomation in Construction, Vol.136The interplaying factors of the robotic tourism experience: The customer journey's touchpoints, context, and qualitiesTechnological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.177CO‐DESIGN ‐ing a more context‐based , pluralistic, and participatory future for public administrationPublic Administration, Vol.100, No.115 February 2022Developing a 2030 Quality of Life Technology(QoLT) Product and Service Design Strategy with Future Vision Scenario for the Disabled and the ElderlyArchives of Design Research, Vol.35, No.1Leveraging the Design Thinking Model to address campus accessibility challenges and assess perceptions of disability awarenessInternational Journal of Inclusive Education, Vol.3522 February 2022Understanding social innovation leadership in universities: empirical insights from a group concept mapping studyEuropean Journal of Innovation Management, Vol.25, No.228 December 2020Design thinking, wicked problems and institutioning change: a case studyCoDesign, Vol.1414 February 2022Social-Architectural Design of Community-Based Embedded Comprehensive Elderly Centers in ChinaDesign thinking in responding to disruptive innovation: A case studyThe International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol.23, No.124 September 2021Sustainable value propositions of a new technology for targeted nitrogen regulationJournal of Cleaner Production, Vol.337Adapting Darnton’s Nine Principles Framework for Behaviour Change: The UK Upcycling Case StudySustainability, Vol.14, No.38 February 2022e5: euskararen komunitatearen garapenerako marko interpretatibo berriaFontes Linguae Vasconum, No.13217 December 2021Using the Design Thinking Process to Co-create a New, Interdisciplinary Design Thinking Course to Train 21st Century Graduate StudentsFrontiers in Public Health, Vol.911 January 2022The usage of cultural products in design thinking: An assessment of an underestimated approachThe Design Journal, Vol.25, No.12 February 2022User-Centered Design31 December 2021Systems Thinking: Practical Insights on Systems-Led Design in Socio-technical Engineering Systems29 March 2022Systems Thinking12 April 2022Systems Thinking: Practical Insights on Systems-Led Design in Socio-Technical Engineering Systems13 May 2022UX Research and Sonic Interaction: Towards Human-Centric and Intuitive Sound Interaction Design in the Context of Autonomous Driving1 January 2022Made in India: Business Models for Affordable Healthcare10 March 2022Case Study on Water Management Through Sustainable Smart Irrigation5 January 2022Intervention for Improvement of Water Quality in a Rural Village in Rajasthan26 October 2021ICT-Based Enhancement of Employment Schemes: A Case Study in Rural Uttarakhand, India6 December 2021Sustainable Technologies for Improved Income Generation: A Case Study of Women Villagers in Himachal Pradesh6 December 2021Designing Social Innovation for Sustainable Livelihoods14 February 2022Tool development to improve medication information transfer to patients during transitions of care: A participatory action research and design thinking methodology approachResearch in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Vol.18, No.1Understanding innovation of health technology assessment methods: the IHTAM frameworkInternational Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, Vol.38, No.131 January 2022The contribution of Design Thinking to the R of R&D in technological innovationR&D Management, Vol.52, No.15 May 2021Stakeholder Power Analysis of the Facilitators and Barriers for Telehealth Solution Implementation in China: A Qualitative Study of Individual Users in Beijing and Interviews With Institutional StakeholdersJMIR Formative Research, Vol.6, No.119 January 2022Design Thinking, a Novel Approach for an Effective and Improved Educational System–A ReviewInternational Journal of Professional Development, Learners and Learning, Vol.4, No.1Design Thinking for Technology Supporting Individuals With Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Developing CountriesSystems Thinking: Practical Insights on Systems-Led Design in Socio-Technical Engineering Systems31 July 2022Campaigning30 August 2022User-Centered Design2 September 2022Description of the Metamodel16 September 2022A Generic Framework for BIM Component Naming2 September 2022System Driven Design Industry: The Challenge Towards a Collective Vision for All Stakeholders in Design6 November 2022Un-learning/Re-learning: Towards Pluriversal Co-design6 November 2022Engaging Serious Games for Energy Efficiency25 November 2022Dynamic geographical accessibility assessments to improve health equity: protocol for a test case in Cali, ColombiaF1000Research, Vol.1128 November 2022Partnership for High Social Impact in Africa: A Conceptual and Practical Framework17 November 2022Using Human-Centered Design to Develop an Innovative Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program: Lessons Learned from a Case StudyCreative Education, Vol.13, No.04Disruptive social manufacturing models: lessons learned from Ferrari cars and Isinnova networks for a post-pandemic value creation pathProduction Planning & Control, Vol.12 December 2021Systemic design in the Australian Taxation Office – Current practice and opportunitiesAustralian Journal of Public Administration, Vol.80, No.45 October 2021THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGN THINKING ON OPEN INNOVATIONInternational Journal of Innovation Management, Vol.25, No.1027 October 2021Urban Informatics in the Science and Practice of PlanningJournal of Planning Education and Research, Vol.41, No.427 August 2018Integrating human‐centred design into the development of an intervention to improve the mental wellbeing of young women in the perinatal period: the Catalyst projectBMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, Vol.21, No.15 March 2021Using a human-centred design approach to develop a comprehensive newborn monitoring chart for inpatient care in KenyaBMC Health Services Research, Vol.21, No.124 September 2021Approaching Sustainability Transition in Supply Chains as a Wicked Problem: Systematic Literature Review in Light of the Evolved Double Diamond Design Process ModelProcesses, Vol.9, No.1226 November 2021Using design thinking to cultivate the next generation of female STEAM thinkersInternational Journal of STEM Education, Vol.8, No.122 March 2021Using Human-Centered Design to Develop a Program to Engage South African Men Living With HIV in Care and TreatmentGlobal Health: Science and Practice, Vol.9, No.Supplement 229 November 2021Business Ethics in a Digital WorldSocial Sustainability and Social Innovation Design: towards a memorable family spaceResolving bullying in terms of workload management in the public education sector after COVID-19 remote working experienceParticipatory design approach to address water crisis in the village of Karkatta, Jharkhand, IndiaTechnological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.172Design thinking: Critical analysis and future evolutionJournal of Product Innovation Management, Vol.38, No.612 December 2021Flow. A Socially Responsible 3D Printed One-Handed RecorderInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, No.2220 November 2021Higher Perceived Design Thinking Traits and Active Learning in Design Courses Motivate Engineering Students to Tackle Energy Sustainability in Their CareersSustainability, Vol.13, No.2214 November 2021On-Site Construction Quality Inspection Using Blockchain and Smart ContractsJournal of Management in Engineering, Vol.37, No.6A co-design study to develop supportive interventions to improve psychological and social adaptation among adults with new-onset type 1 diabetes in Denmark and the UKBMJ Open, Vol.11, No.112 November 2021Design and development of Air to Water Generator for the Village in Kerala, IndiaMaking sense of design thinking: A primer for medical teachersMedical Teacher, Vol.43, No.1026 January 2021Innovating at the nexus of world languages and cultures and design thinkingPedagogies: An International Journal, Vol.16, No.48 March 2021Knowledge interoperability and re-use in Empathy Mapping: an ontological approachExpert Systems with Applications, Vol.180Outcomes of Community-Based Youth Empowerment Programs Adopting Design Thinking: A Quasi-Experimental StudyResearch on Social Work Practice, Vol.31, No.722 March 2021De candidato a pós-graduando em Design no Brasil: mapeamento da jornada do usuário1 October 2021Sustainable solution to address waste management and energy challenges in rural IndiaAddressing Sanitation and Health challenges in rural India through socio-technological interventions: A Case Study in OdishaGuest editorialEuropean Journal of Marketing, Vol.55, No.920 September 2021Designing food experiences for well-being: a framework advancing design thinking research from a customer experience perspectiveEuropean Journal of Marketing, Vol.55, No.927 May 2021An innovation intermediary for Nairobi, Kenya: Designing student-centric services for university-industry Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, Vol.13, August the of service in tourism and Vol.31, August Research A Design Thinking Approach to on Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.18, September Innovation Design and Sustainability of in Vol.13, No.173 September of in the design thinking of a Skills and Creativity, Sosyal August 2021Design thinking and innovation: the of Business July 2020Design thinking approach to for the Journal of August Uygulamaları Bilimler August 2021Innovating for through collaborative innovation of Cleaner Production, OF DESIGN AND OF AND of the Design Society, July of Social Innovation through The Case of in Vol.13, August COVID-19 as a for public and The need for robust governance to turbulent Management Review, Vol.23, September and practice of Design Thinking: of and business Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, Vol.9, May Learning to Support Decision-Making and Creative in Instructional Design Vol.65, No.46 April in Learning through the of 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Assessment Using A Human-Centered Design Approach (Preprint)JMIR February mental health and in and mental framework for in of Cleaner Production, to Design Thinking to Creative and in Journal of & Design Education, August Theory in An Journal, March 2021Designing and for with January with design thinking: a case study from Journal of Environmental Education, Vol.52, January and the of Design: of Design and Design in No.122 May to Design with A for Design and July Case and the of Design Thinking in Public Education in August to Co-Created Digital to Support Activities for Socially Youth in February Innovation and Exchange a Lessons Learned from a Design Thinking Challenge in May October Sustainable Business and January Analysis of Agile Development Methodology Through Design June Sustainable Design to Environmental of Design November Case for Design May Learning in Design Thinking to April 2021Design Thinking as a Strategy to Learning in Education Across South April Inspection Management with October design methodology for A to community health and health in the Health of and Science, Vol.5, February 2021Using Design Thinking to the Educational of August factors of service design methodology for manufacturing Business & Management, Vol.8, February 2021Design and of an app for September 2021Design Innovation Methodology – Design in Journal, of the Health Mental Health Intervention for in and for a Research Vol.10, June Design Approach to Social a of Public and October Design Thinking in an Interdisciplinary Learning December Design Thinking to Design Thinking to Food Innovation for January of Design Thinking and to Food and January 2021Design Thinking to Engage in Food The January 2021Systemic and Design Towards Participatory The Journal of Design, and Innovation, Vol.7, Design Thinking October Research and Design Thinking for the Health and Social A para de de Vol.16,

Architecture & Planning• 2010
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Periodicals

Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Application for Nanomedicine

Over the past few decades, metal nanoparticles less than 100 nm in diameter have made a substantial impact across diverse biomedical applications, such as diagnostic and medical devices, for personalized healthcare practice. In particular, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have great potential in a broad range of applications as antimicrobial agents, biomedical device coatings, drug-delivery carriers, imaging probes, and diagnostic and optoelectronic platforms, since they have discrete physical and optical properties and biochemical functionality tailored by diverse size- and shape-controlled AgNPs. In this review, we aimed to present major routes of synthesis of AgNPs, including physical, chemical, and biological synthesis processes, along with discrete physiochemical characteristics of AgNPs. We also discuss the underlying intricate molecular mechanisms behind their plasmonic properties on mono/bimetallic structures, potential cellular/microbial cytotoxicity, and optoelectronic property. Lastly, we conclude this review with a summary of current applications of AgNPs in nanoscience and nanomedicine and discuss their future perspectives in these areas.

Architecture & Planning• 2019• Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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Trait-Associated SNPs Are More Likely to Be eQTLs: Annotation to Enhance Discovery from GWAS

Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits have yielded more reproducible associations than had been discovered using any other approach, the loci characterized to date do not account for much of the heritability to such traits and, in general, have not led to improved understanding of the biology underlying complex phenotypes. Using a web site we developed to serve results of expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) studies in lymphoblastoid cell lines from HapMap samples (http://www.scandb.org), we show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex traits (from http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/) are significantly more likely to be eQTLs than minor-allele-frequency-matched SNPs chosen from high-throughput GWAS platforms. These findings are robust across a range of thresholds for establishing eQTLs (p-values from 10(-4)-10(-8)), and a broad spectrum of human complex traits. Analyses of GWAS data from the Wellcome Trust studies confirm that annotating SNPs with a score reflecting the strength of the evidence that the SNP is an eQTL can improve the ability to discover true associations and clarify the nature of the mechanism driving the associations. Our results showing that trait-associated SNPs are more likely to be eQTLs and that application of this information can enhance discovery of trait-associated SNPs for complex phenotypes raise the possibility that we can utilize this information both to increase the heritability explained by identifiable genetic factors and to gain a better understanding of the biology underlying complex traits.

Architecture & Planning• 2010• Public Library of Science
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Big Data: Astronomical or Genomical?

Genomics is a Big Data science and is going to get much bigger, very soon, but it is not known whether the needs of genomics will exceed other Big Data domains. Projecting to the year 2025, we compared genomics with three other major generators of Big Data: astronomy, YouTube, and Twitter. Our estimates show that genomics is a "four-headed beast"--it is either on par with or the most demanding of the domains analyzed here in terms of data acquisition, storage, distribution, and analysis. We discuss aspects of new technologies that will need to be developed to rise up and meet the computational challenges that genomics poses for the near future. Now is the time for concerted, community-wide planning for the "genomical" challenges of the next decade.

Architecture & Planning• 2015• Public Library of Science
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Common and unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases

Fibroproliferative diseases, including the pulmonary fibroses, systemic sclerosis, liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, progressive kidney disease, and macular degeneration, are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and can affect all tissues and organ systems. Fibrotic tissue remodeling can also influence cancer metastasis and accelerate chronic graft rejection in transplant recipients. Nevertheless, despite its enormous impact on human health, there are currently no approved treatments that directly target the mechanism(s) of fibrosis. The primary goals of this Review series on fibrotic diseases are to discuss some of the major fibroproliferative diseases and to identify the common and unique mechanisms of fibrogenesis that might be exploited in the development of effective antifibrotic therapies.

Architecture & Planning• 2007• American Society for Clinical Investigation
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Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with the MAXQ Value Function Decomposition

This paper presents a new approach to hierarchical reinforcement learning based on decomposing the target Markov decision process (MDP) into a hierarchy of smaller MDPs and decomposing the value function of the target MDP into an additive combination of the value functions of the smaller MDPs. The decomposition, known as the MAXQ decomposition, has both a procedural semantics---as a subroutine hierarchy---and a declarative semantics---as a representation of the value function of a hierarchical policy. MAXQ unifies and extends previous work on hierarchical reinforcement learning by Singh, Kaelbling, and Dayan and Hinton. It is based on the assumption that the programmer can identify useful subgoals and define subtasks that achieve these subgoals. By defining such subgoals, the programmer constrains the set of policies that need to be considered during reinforcement learning. The MAXQ value function decomposition can represent the value function of any policy that is consistent with the given hierarchy. The decomposition also creates opportunities to exploit state abstractions, so that individual MDPs within the hierarchy can ignore large parts of the state space. This is important for the practical application of the method. This paper defines the MAXQ hierarchy, proves formal results on its representational power, and establishes five conditions for the safe use of state abstractions. The paper presents an online model-free learning algorithm, MAXQ-Q, and proves that it converges with probability 1 to a kind of locally-optimal policy known as a recursively optimal policy, even in the presence of the five kinds of state abstraction. The paper evaluates the MAXQ representation and MAXQ-Q through a series of experiments in three domains and shows experimentally that MAXQ-Q (with state abstractions) converges to a recursively optimal policy much faster than flat Q learning. The fact that MAXQ learns a representation of the value function has an important benefit: it makes it possible to compute and execute an improved, non-hierarchical policy via a procedure similar to the policy improvement step of policy iteration. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of this non-hierarchical execution experimentally. Finally, the paper concludes with a comparison to related work and a discussion of the design tradeoffs in hierarchical reinforcement learning.

Architecture & Planning• 2000• AI Access Foundation
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Dipy, a library for the analysis of diffusion MRI data

Diffusion Imaging in Python (Dipy) is a free and open source software project for the analysis of data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) experiments. dMRI is an application of MRI that can be used to measure structural features of brain white matter. Many methods have been developed to use dMRI data to model the local configuration of white matter nerve fiber bundles and infer the trajectory of bundles connecting different parts of the brain. Dipy gathers implementations of many different methods in dMRI, including: diffusion signal pre-processing; reconstruction of diffusion distributions in individual voxels; fiber tractography and fiber track post-processing, analysis and visualization. Dipy aims to provide transparent implementations for all the different steps of dMRI analysis with a uniform programming interface. We have implemented classical signal reconstruction techniques, such as the diffusion tensor model and deterministic fiber tractography. In addition, cutting edge novel reconstruction techniques are implemented, such as constrained spherical deconvolution and diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) with deconvolution, as well as methods for probabilistic tracking and original methods for tractography clustering. Many additional utility functions are provided to calculate various statistics, informative visualizations, as well as file-handling routines to assist in the development and use of novel techniques. In contrast to many other scientific software projects, Dipy is not being developed by a single research group. Rather, it is an open project that encourages contributions from any scientist/developer through GitHub and open discussions on the project mailing list. Consequently, Dipy today has an international team of contributors, spanning seven different academic institutions in five countries and three continents, which is still growing.

Architecture & Planning• 2014• Frontiers Media
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Periodicals

Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models

The IoT paradigm holds the promise to revolutionize the way we live and work by means of a wealth of new services, based on seamless interactions between a large amount of heterogeneous devices. After decades of conceptual inception of the IoT, in recent years a large variety of communication technologies has gradually emerged, reflecting a large diversity of application domains and of communication requirements. Such heterogeneity and fragmentation of the connectivity landscape is currently hampering the full realization of the IoT vision, by posing several complex integration challenges. In this context, the advent of 5G cellular systems, with the availability of a connectivity technology, which is at once truly ubiquitous, reliable, scalable, and cost-efficient, is considered as a potentially key driver for the yet-to emerge global IoT. In the present paper, we analyze in detail the potential of 5G technologies for the IoT, by considering both the technological and standardization aspects. We review the present-day IoT connectivity landscape, as well as the main 5G enablers for the IoT. Last but not least, we illustrate the massive business shifts that a tight link between IoT and 5G may cause in the operator and vendors ecosystem.

Architecture & Planning• 2016• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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The Road Towards 6G: A Comprehensive Survey

As of today, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system has been rolled out in many countries and the number of 5G subscribers already reaches a very large scale. It is time for academia and industry to shift their attention towards the next generation. At this crossroad, an overview of the current state of the art and a vision of future communications are definitely of interest. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey to draw a picture of the sixth generation (6G) system in terms of drivers, use cases, usage scenarios, requirements, key performance indicators (KPIs), architecture, and enabling technologies. First, we attempt to answer the question of “Is there any need for 6G?” by shedding light on its key driving factors, in which we predict the explosive growth of mobile traffic until 2030, and envision potential use cases and usage scenarios. Second, the technical requirements of 6G are discussed and compared with those of 5G with respect to a set of KPIs in a quantitative manner. Third, the state-of-the-art 6G research efforts and activities from representative institutions and countries are summarized, and a tentative roadmap of definition, specification, standardization, and regulation is projected. Then, we identify a dozen of potential technologies and introduce their principles, advantages, challenges, and open research issues. Finally, the conclusions are drawn to paint a picture of “What 6G may look like?.” This survey is intended to serve as an enlightening guideline to spur interests and further investigations for subsequent research and development of 6G communications systems.

Architecture & Planning• 2021• IEEE Communications Society
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Vehicular Networking: A Survey and Tutorial on Requirements, Architectures, Challenges, Standards and Solutions

Vehicular networking has significant potential to enable diverse applications associated with traffic safety, traffic efficiency and infotainment. In this survey and tutorial paper we introduce the basic characteristics of vehicular networks, provide an overview of applications and associated requirements, along with challenges and their proposed solutions. In addition, we provide an overview of the current and past major ITS programs and projects in the USA, Japan and Europe. Moreover, vehicular networking architectures and protocol suites employed in such programs and projects in USA, Japan and Europe are discussed.

Architecture & Planning• 2011• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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Variable generalization performance of a deep learning model to detect pneumonia in chest radiographs: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: There is interest in using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze medical imaging to provide computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). Recent work has suggested that image classification CNNs may not generalize to new data as well as previously believed. We assessed how well CNNs generalized across three hospital systems for a simulated pneumonia screening task. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A cross-sectional design with multiple model training cohorts was used to evaluate model generalizability to external sites using split-sample validation. A total of 158,323 chest radiographs were drawn from three institutions: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (NIH; 112,120 from 30,805 patients), Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH; 42,396 from 12,904 patients), and Indiana University Network for Patient Care (IU; 3,807 from 3,683 patients). These patient populations had an age mean (SD) of 46.9 years (16.6), 63.2 years (16.5), and 49.6 years (17) with a female percentage of 43.5%, 44.8%, and 57.3%, respectively. We assessed individual models using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for radiographic findings consistent with pneumonia and compared performance on different test sets with DeLong's test. The prevalence of pneumonia was high enough at MSH (34.2%) relative to NIH and IU (1.2% and 1.0%) that merely sorting by hospital system achieved an AUC of 0.861 (95% CI 0.855-0.866) on the joint MSH-NIH dataset. Models trained on data from either NIH or MSH had equivalent performance on IU (P values 0.580 and 0.273, respectively) and inferior performance on data from each other relative to an internal test set (i.e., new data from within the hospital system used for training data; P values both <0.001). The highest internal performance was achieved by combining training and test data from MSH and NIH (AUC 0.931, 95% CI 0.927-0.936), but this model demonstrated significantly lower external performance at IU (AUC 0.815, 95% CI 0.745-0.885, P = 0.001). To test the effect of pooling data from sites with disparate pneumonia prevalence, we used stratified subsampling to generate MSH-NIH cohorts that only differed in disease prevalence between training data sites. When both training data sites had the same pneumonia prevalence, the model performed consistently on external IU data (P = 0.88). When a 10-fold difference in pneumonia rate was introduced between sites, internal test performance improved compared to the balanced model (10× MSH risk P < 0.001; 10× NIH P = 0.002), but this outperformance failed to generalize to IU (MSH 10× P < 0.001; NIH 10× P = 0.027). CNNs were able to directly detect hospital system of a radiograph for 99.95% NIH (22,050/22,062) and 99.98% MSH (8,386/8,388) radiographs. The primary limitation of our approach and the available public data is that we cannot fully assess what other factors might be contributing to hospital system-specific biases. CONCLUSION: Pneumonia-screening CNNs achieved better internal than external performance in 3 out of 5 natural comparisons. When models were trained on pooled data from sites with different pneumonia prevalence, they performed better on new pooled data from these sites but not on external data. CNNs robustly identified hospital system and department within a hospital, which can have large differences in disease burden and may confound predictions.

Architecture & Planning• 2018• Public Library of Science
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Dynamical Movement Primitives: Learning Attractor Models for Motor Behaviors

Nonlinear dynamical systems have been used in many disciplines to model complex behaviors, including biological motor control, robotics, perception, economics, traffic prediction, and neuroscience. While often the unexpected emergent behavior of nonlinear systems is the focus of investigations, it is of equal importance to create goal-directed behavior (e.g., stable locomotion from a system of coupled oscillators under perceptual guidance). Modeling goal-directed behavior with nonlinear systems is, however, rather difficult due to the parameter sensitivity of these systems, their complex phase transitions in response to subtle parameter changes, and the difficulty of analyzing and predicting their long-term behavior; intuition and time-consuming parameter tuning play a major role. This letter presents and reviews dynamical movement primitives, a line of research for modeling attractor behaviors of autonomous nonlinear dynamical systems with the help of statistical learning techniques. The essence of our approach is to start with a simple dynamical system, such as a set of linear differential equations, and transform those into a weakly nonlinear system with prescribed attractor dynamics by means of a learnable autonomous forcing term. Both point attractors and limit cycle attractors of almost arbitrary complexity can be generated. We explain the design principle of our approach and evaluate its properties in several example applications in motor control and robotics.

Architecture & Planning• 2012• The MIT Press
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A User's Guide to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)

The mission of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project is to enable the scientific and medical communities to interpret the human genome sequence and apply it to understand human biology and improve health. The ENCODE Consortium is integrating multiple technologies and approaches in a collective effort to discover and define the functional elements encoded in the human genome, including genes, transcripts, and transcriptional regulatory regions, together with their attendant chromatin states and DNA methylation patterns. In the process, standards to ensure high-quality data have been implemented, and novel algorithms have been developed to facilitate analysis. Data and derived results are made available through a freely accessible database. Here we provide an overview of the project and the resources it is generating and illustrate the application of ENCODE data to interpret the human genome.

Architecture & Planning• 2011• Public Library of Science
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Is It Time to Start Transitioning From 2D to 3D Cell Culture?

Cell culture is an important and necessary process in drug discovery, cancer research, as well as stem cell research. Most cells are currently cultured using two-dimensional (2D) methods, but new and improved methods that implement three-dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques suggest compelling evidence that much more advanced experiments can be performed. When performing 3D cell culture experiments, the cell environment can be manipulated to mimic that of a cell in vivo and provide more accurate data about cell-to-cell interactions, tumor characteristics, drug discovery, metabolic profiling, stem cell research, and other types of diseases. Scaffold based techniques such as hydrogel-based support, polymeric hard material-based support, hydrophilic glass fiber, and organoids are employed, and each provides its own advantages and applications. Likewise, there are also scaffold-free techniques used such as hanging drop microplates, magnetic levitation, and spheroid microplates with ultra-low attachment coating. 3D cell culture has the potential to provide alternative ways to study organ behavior via the use of organoids and is expected to eventually bridge the gap between 2D cell culture and animal models. The present review compares 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, provides the details surrounding the different 3D culture techniques, as well as focuses on the present and future applications of 3D cell culture.

Architecture & Planning• 2020• Frontiers Media
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Power and Predictive Accuracy of Polygenic Risk Scores

Polygenic scores have recently been used to summarise genetic effects among an ensemble of markers that do not individually achieve significance in a large-scale association study. Markers are selected using an initial training sample and used to construct a score in an independent replication sample by forming the weighted sum of associated alleles within each subject. Association between a trait and this composite score implies that a genetic signal is present among the selected markers, and the score can then be used for prediction of individual trait values. This approach has been used to obtain evidence of a genetic effect when no single markers are significant, to establish a common genetic basis for related disorders, and to construct risk prediction models. In some cases, however, the desired association or prediction has not been achieved. Here, the power and predictive accuracy of a polygenic score are derived from a quantitative genetics model as a function of the sizes of the two samples, explained genetic variance, selection thresholds for including a marker in the score, and methods for weighting effect sizes in the score. Expressions are derived for quantitative and discrete traits, the latter allowing for case/control sampling. A novel approach to estimating the variance explained by a marker panel is also proposed. It is shown that published studies with significant association of polygenic scores have been well powered, whereas those with negative results can be explained by low sample size. It is also shown that useful levels of prediction may only be approached when predictors are estimated from very large samples, up to an order of magnitude greater than currently available. Therefore, polygenic scores currently have more utility for association testing than predicting complex traits, but prediction will become more feasible as sample sizes continue to grow.

Architecture & Planning• 2013• Public Library of Science
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Business Model Design and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms

We focus on the design of an organization’s set of boundary-spanning transactions—business model design—and ask how business model design affects the performance of entrepreneurial firms. By extending and integrating theoretical perspectives that inform the study of boundary-spanning organization design, we propose hypotheses about the impact of efficiency-centered and novelty-centered business model design on the performance of entrepreneurial firms. To test these hypotheses, we developed and analyzed a unique data set of 190 entrepreneurial firms that were publicly listed on U.S. and European stock exchanges. The empirical results show that novelty-centered business model design matters to the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Our analysis also shows that this positive relationship is remarkably stable across time, even under varying environmental regimes. Additionally, we find indications of potential diseconomies of scope in design; that is, entrepreneurs’ attempts to incorporate both efficiency- and novelty-centered design elements into their business models may be counterproductive.

Architecture & Planning• 2007• Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
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Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization

The paper traces the relationship between attachment processes and the development of the capacity to envision mental states in self and others. We suggest that the ability to mentalize, to represent behavior in terms of mental states, or to have "a theory of mind" is a key determinant of self-organization which is acquired in the context of the child's early social relationships. Evidence for an association between the quality of attachment relationship and reflective function in the parent and the child is reviewed and interpreted in the context of current models of theory of mind development. A model of the development of self-organization is proposed which has at its core the caregiver's ability to communicate understanding of the child's intentional stance. The implications of the model for pathological self-development are explored, with specific reference to the consequences of maltreatment.

Architecture & Planning• 1997• Cambridge University Press
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Overview of the Versatile Video Coding (VVC) Standard and its Applications

Versatile Video Coding (VVC) was finalized in July 2020 as the most recent international video coding standard. It was developed by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) of the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) to serve an ever-growing need for improved video compression as well as to support a wider variety of today’s media content and emerging applications. This paper provides an overview of the novel technical features for new applications and the core compression technologies for achieving significant bit rate reductions in the neighborhood of 50% over its predecessor for equal video quality, the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, and 75% over the currently most-used format, the Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard. It is explained how these new features in VVC provide greater versatility for applications. Highlighted applications include video with resolutions beyond standard- and high-definition, video with high dynamic range and wide color gamut, adaptive streaming with resolution changes, computer-generated and screen-captured video, ultralow-delay streaming, 360° immersive video, and multilayer coding e.g., for scalability. Furthermore, early implementations are presented to show that the new VVC standard is implementable and ready for real-world deployment.

Architecture & Planning• 2021• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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